Test-optional students had the lowest GPA at Columbia.
According to this graph, students who didn’t submit SAT scores had a 3.52 average GPA.
That’s basically the same as the bottom 3% of SAT submitters.
Meanwhile, GPA rises almost perfectly with SAT score decile, all the way up to 3.92 for the top 10%.
Kind of makes you wonder why schools pretended test scores didn’t matter.